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Tuberculosis (TB) is a zoonotic disease primarily caused by pathogens belonging to the genus of  Mycobacterium . Programs of control and eradication for bovine TB include a screening using single intradermal tuberculin (SIT) test with  Mycobacterium bovis  ( M. bovis )-purified protein derivatives (PPD-B) single or concurrent with  Mycobacterium avium  ( M. avium )-purified protein derivatives (PPD-A). This study aimed to determine the effects of intradermal PPD-B and PPD-A test on immune-related mRNA and microRNAs in dermal oedema exudates of water buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis ). The investigation was carried out on RNA extracted from dermal oedema exudates of 36 animals, of which 24 were  M. bovis  positive ( M. bovis +) and 12  M. avium  positive ( M. avium+ ). The lymphocyte polarization toward Th1, Th2, TReg, and Th17 lineages was addressed by measuring the abundance of the respective cytokines and transcription factors, namely  TBET ,  STAT4 ,  IFNγ , and  IL1β  for Th1;  STAT5B , and  IL4  for Th2;  FOXP3  and  IL10  for TReg; and  RORC ,  STAT3 , and  IL17A  for Th17. Due to the very low abundance of Th17-related genes, a digital PCR protocol was also applied. The abundance of microRNAs involved in the immune response against PPDs, including miR-122-5p, miR-148a-3p, miR30a, and miR-455-5p, was equally measured. Results showed that IFNγ (fold change = 2.54;  p  = 0.037) and miR-148a-3p (fold change = 2.54;  p  = 0.03) were upregulated in  M. bovis + as compared to  M. avium+  samples. Our preliminary results supported the pivotal role of IFNγ in the local immune response related to PPD-B and highlighted the differential expression of miR-148a-3p, which downregulates the proinflammatory cytokines and the TLR4-mediated NF-κB activation, providing an anti-inflammation modulator in responses to mycobacterial infection.   Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11250-021-02696-1.

tropical animal health and production

The effects of intradermal M. bovis and M. avium PPD test on immune-related mRNA and miRNA in dermal oedema exudates of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)