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Under certain flow conditions, fluid flow through porous media starts to deviate from the linear relationship between flow rate and hydraulic gradient. At such flow conditions, Darcy’s law for laminar flow can no longer be assumed and nonlinear relationships are required to predict flow in the Forchheimer regime. To date, most of the nonlinear flow behavior data is obtained from flow experiments on packed beds of uniformly graded granular materials ( C  u  =  d  60  /d  10    2), the  d  10  instead of the average grain size ( d  50 ) as characteristic pore length should be used. Ergun constants  A  and  B  with values of 63.1 and 1.72, respectively, resulted in a reasonable prediction of the Forchheimer coefficients for the investigated granular materials.

Nonlinear Flow Behavior in Packed Beds of Natural and Variably Graded Granular Materials