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In this article an epistemological framework is proposed in order to integrate\udthe emergentist thought with systemic studies on biological autonomy, which\udare focused on the role of organization. Particular attention will be paid to the role\udof the observer’s activity, especially: (a) the different operations he performs in order\udto identify the pertinent elements at each descriptive level, and (b) the relationships\udbetween the different models he builds from them. According to the approach sustained\udhere, organization will be considered as the result of a specific operation of identifi-\udcation of the relational properties of the functional components of a system, which\uddo not necessarily coincide with the intrinsic properties of its structural constituents.\udAlso, an epistemological notion of emergence—that of “complex emergence”—will\udbe introduced, which can be defined as the insufficiency, even in principle, of a single\uddescriptive modality to provide a complete description of certain classes of systems.\udThis integrative framework will allow us to deal with two issues in biological and\udemergentist studies: (1) distinguishing the autonomy proper of living systems from\udsome physical processes like those of structural stability and pattern generation, and\ud(2) reconsidering the notion of downward causation not as a direct or indirect influence\udof the whole on its parts, but instead as an epistemological problem of interaction\udbetween descriptive domains in which the concept of organization proposed and the\udobservational operations related to it play a crucial role

Complex emergence and the living organization: an epistemological framework for biology