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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) contain numerous nodes that their main goalsare to monitor and control environments. Also, sensor nodes distribute based onnetwork usage. One of the most significant issues in this type of network isthe energy consumption of sensor nodes. In fixed-sink networks, nodes which arenear the sink act as an interface to transfer data of other nodes to sink. Thiscauses the energy consumption of sensors reduces rapidly. Therefore, thelifetime of the network declines. Sensor nodes owing to their weaknesses aresusceptible to several threats, one of which is denial-of-sleep attack (DoSA)threatening WSN. Hence, the DoSA refers to the energy loss in these nodes bymaintaining the nodes from entering energy-saving and sleep mode. In thispaper, a hybrid approach is proposed based on mobile sink, firefly algorithmbased on leach, and Hopfield neural network (WSN-FAHN). Thus, mobile sink isapplied to both improve energy consumption and increase network lifetime.Firefly algorithm is proposed to cluster nodes and authenticate in two levelsto prevent from DoSA. In addition, Hopfield neural network detects thedirection route of the sink movement to send data of CH. Furthermore, hereWSN-FAHN technique is assessed through wide simulations performed in the NS-2environment. The WSN-FAHN procedure superiority is demonstrated by simulationoutcomes in comparison with contemporary schemes based on performance metricslike packet delivery ratio (PDR), average throughput, detection ratio, andnetwork lifetime while decreasing the average residual energy.

A novel countermeasure technique to protect WSN against denial-of-sleep attacks using firefly and Hopfield neural network (HNN) algorithms