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Grammar convergence is a method that helps discovering relationships betweendifferent grammars of the same language or different language versions. The keyelement of the method is the operational, transformation-based representationof those relationships. Given input grammars for convergence, they aretransformed until they are structurally equal. The transformations are composedfrom primitive operators; properties of these operators and the composed chainsprovide quantitative and qualitative insight into the relationships between thegrammars at hand. We describe a refined method for grammar convergence, and weuse it in a major study, where we recover the relationships between all thegrammars that occur in the different versions of the Java LanguageSpecification (JLS). The relationships are represented as grammartransformation chains that capture all accidental or intended differencesbetween the JLS grammars. This method is mechanized and driven by nominal andstructural differences between pairs of grammars that are subject toasymmetric, binary convergence steps. We present the underlying operator suitefor grammar transformation in detail, and we illustrate the suite with manyexamples of transformations on the JLS grammars. We also describe theextraction effort, which was needed to make the JLS grammars amenable toautomated processing. We include substantial metadata about the convergenceprocess for the JLS so that the effort becomes reproducible and transparent.

Recovering Grammar Relationships for the Java Language Specification