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The sunspot number is analyzed by using detailed sunspot data, includingaspects of observability, sunspot sizes, and proper identification of sunspotgroups as discrete entities of the solar activity. The tests show that besidesthe subjective factors there are also objective causes of the ambiguities inthe series of sunspot numbers. To introduce an alternative activity measure thephysical meaning of the sunspot number has to be reconsidered. It contains twocomponents whose numbers are governed by different physical mechanisms, this isone source of the ambiguity. This article suggests an activity index, which isthe amount of emerged magnetic flux. The only long-term proxy measure is thedetailed sunspot area dataset with proper calibration to the magnetic fluxamount. The Debrecen sunspot databases provide an appropriate source for theestablishment of the suggested activity index.

An alternative measure of solar activity from detailed sunspot datasets