English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

We intend to provide a comprehensive answer to the question on whether allCoronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) have flux rope structure. To achieve this, wepresent a synthesis of the LASCO CME observations over the last sixteen years,assisted by 3D MHD simulations of the breakout model, EUV and coronagraphicobservations from STEREO and SDO, and statistics from a revised LASCO CMEdatabase. We argue that the bright loop often seen as the CME leading edge isthe result of pileup at the boundary of the erupting flux rope irrespective ofwhether a cavity or, more generally, a 3-part CME can be identified. Based onour previous work on white light shock detection and supported by the MHDsimulations, we identify a new type of morphology, the `two-front' morphology.It consists of a faint front followed by diffuse emission and the brightloop-like CME leading edge. We show that the faint front is caused by densitycompression at a wave (or possibly shock) front driven by the CME. We alsopresent high-detailed multi-wavelength EUV observations that clarify therelative positioning of the prominence at the bottom of a coronal cavity withclear flux rope structure. Finally, we visually check the full LASCO CMEdatabase for flux rope structures. In the process, we classify the events intotwo clear flux rope classes (`3-part', `Loop'), jets and outflows (no clearstructure). We find that at least 40% of the observed CMEs have clear flux ropestructures. We propose a new definition for flux rope CMEs (FR-CMEs) as acoherent magnetic, twist-carrying coronal structure with angular width of atleast 40 deg and able to reach beyond 10 Rsun which erupts on a time scale of afew minutes to several hours. We conclude that flux ropes are a commonoccurrence in CMEs and pose a challenge for future studies to identify CMEsthat are clearly not FR-CMEs.

How Many CMEs Have Flux Ropes? Deciphering the Signatures of Shocks, Flux Ropes, and Prominences in Coronagraph Observations of CMEs