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National research evaluation exercises provide a comparative measure ofresearch performance of the nation's institutions, and as such represent a toolfor stimulating research productivity, particularly if the results are used toinform selective funding by government. While a school of thought welcomesfrequent changes in evaluation criteria in order to prevent the subjectsevaluated from adopting opportunistic behaviors, it is evident that the "rulesof the game" should above all be functional towards policy objectives, andtherefore be known with adequate forewarning prior to the evaluation period.Otherwise, the risk is that policy-makers will find themselves faced by adilemma: should they reward universities that responded best to the criteria ineffect at the outset of the observation period or those that result as bestaccording to rules that emerged during or after the observation period? Thisstudy verifies if and to what extent some universities are penalized instead ofrewarded for good behavior, in pursuit of the objectives of the "known" rulesof the game, by comparing the research performances of Italian universities forthe period of the nation's next evaluation exercise (2004-2008): first asmeasured according to criteria available at the outset of the period and nextaccording to those announced at the end of the period.

National research assessment exercises: the effects of changing the rules of the game during the game