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Random numbers are central to cryptography and various other tasks. Theintrinsic probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics has allowed us to constructa large number of quantum random number generators (QRNGs) that are distinctfrom the traditional true number generators. This article provides a review ofthe existing QRNGs with a focus on their various possible features (e.g.,device independence, semi-device independence) that are not achievable in theclassical world. It also discusses the origin, applicability, and other facetsof randomness. Specifically, the origin of randomness is explored from theperspective of a set of hierarchical axioms for quantum mechanics, implyingthat succeeding axioms can be regarded as a superstructure constructed on topof a structure built by the preceding axioms. The axioms considered are: (Q1)incompatibility and uncertainty; (Q2) contextuality; (Q3) entanglement; (Q4)nonlocality and (Q5) indistinguishability of identical particles. Relevant toygeneralized probability theories (GPTs) are introduced, and it is shown thatthe origin of random numbers in different types of QRNGs known today areassociated with different layers of nonclassical theories and all of them donot require all the features of quantum mechanics. Further, classification ofthe available QRNGs has been done and the technological challenges associatedwith each class are critically analyzed. Commercially available QRNGs are alsocompared.

A Comprehensive Review of Quantum Random Number Generators: Concepts, Classification and the Origin of Randomness