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The effect of noise on various protocols of secure quantum communication hasbeen studied. Specifically, we have investigated the effect of amplitudedamping, phase damping, squeezed generalized amplitude damping, Pauli type aswell as various collective noise models on the protocols of quantum keydistribution, quantum key agreement,quantum secure direct quantum communicationand quantum dialogue. From each type of protocol of secure quantumcommunication, we have chosen two protocols for our comparative study; onebased on single qubit states and the other one on entangled states. Thecomparative study reported here has revealed that single-qubit-based schemesare generally found to perform better in the presence of amplitude damping,phase damping, squeezed generalized amplitude damping noises, whileentanglement-based protocols turn out to be preferable in the presence ofcollective noises. It is also observed that the effect of noise entirelydepends upon the number of rounds of quantum communication involved in a schemeof quantum communication. Further, it is observed that squeezing, a completelyquantum mechanical resource present in the squeezed generalized amplitudechannel, can be used in a beneficial way as it may yield higher fidelitycompared to the corresponding zero squeezing case.

quantum information processing

A comparative study of protocols for secure quantum communication under  noisy environment: single-qubit-based protocols versus entangled-state-based  protocols