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Aims The general aim of this meta-analysis is to synthesize and summarize the mean response of barley yield variables to elevated CO 2  (eCO 2 ) and how temperature and nitrogen (N) affect the CO 2 -induced yield responses of barley. Methods A meta-analysis procedure was used to analyze five yield variables of barley extracted from 22 studies to determine the effect size and the magnitude concerning eCO 2  and its interaction with temperature and N. Results CO 2  enrichment increased aboveground biomass (23.8%), grain number (24.8%), and grain yield (27.4%). The magnitude of the responses to eCO 2  was affected by genotype, temperature, nitrogen, and CO 2  exposure methods. Genotype “ Anakin ” shows the highest CO 2  response of aboveground biomass (47.1%), while “ Bambina ” had the highest grain number (58.4%). Grain yield response was observed to be higher for genotypes  “Alexis”  (38.1%) and  “Atem”  (33.7%) under eCO 2 . The increase of aboveground biomass and grain yield was higher when plants were grown under eCO 2  in combination with higher N (151–200 kg ha −1 ). The interaction between eCO 2  and three different temperature levels was analyzed to identify the impacts on barley yield components. The results revealed that the CO 2 -induced increase in grain number and grain yield was higher in combination with a temperature level of 21–25 °C as compared to lower levels (&lt; 15 and 16–20 ℃). The response of barley yield to eCO 2  was higher in growth chambers than in other CO 2  exposure methods. Moreover, a higher response of aboveground biomass and grain yield to eCO 2  was observed for pot-grown plants compared to field-grown. Conclusions Overall, results suggest that the maximal barley production under eCO 2  will be obtained in combination with high N fertilizer and temperature levels (21–25 °C).

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and its interaction with temperature and nitrogen on yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.): a meta-analysis