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The use of more nutrient-efficient crops is\udimportant for maintaining yields while enhancing\udenvironmental sustainability. Various approaches are\udbeing applied to evaluate aspects of plant nutrient use\udefficiency, among them ecological concepts based on\udaccumulation and losses of biomass and nutrients,\udagronomic concepts with a major focus on agricultural\udcrops and harvested products, and physiological\udapproaches assessing single physiological processes\udimportant for nutrient use. Unfortunately, the various\udapproaches are often not compatible. Here we propose,\udwith the example of nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE)\udof cereals, to integrate the functionally important\udcomponents of NUE in a common conceptual framework.\udWe link productivity to N in crops and seeds and consider the whole life-cycle of the crop (including seeds). Three major components of NUE are separated: The N uptake efficiency, grain-specific N efficiency and grain N concentration. The three components combine to a measure of overall NUE in terms of the N yield in harvested grain per unit of N in seed grain or soil N. The concept can be applied for both annual and perennial plants, which is demonstrated with the examples of winter wheat and a perennial energy crop (Salix) grown in Central Sweden

Assessment of nutrient use in annual and perennial crops: A functional concept for analyzing nitrogen use efficiency