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Ethylene-regulated gene expression in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated with an expressed sequence tag-based microarray containing about 6000 unique genes. Comparing expression profiles of the ethyleneinsensitive mutant etr1-1, the ethylene-constitutive mutant ctr1-1, ethylene-treated wild-type and untreated wild-type plants identified ca. 7% of the investigated genes as ethylene-regulated. Exogenous ethylene treatment and ctr1-1 had similar changes in gene expression, but differences were noted. Ethylene-regulated genes involved in its own biosynthesis and signal transduction pathway were identified. A large number of transcription factors and some putative signaling components were highly regulated by ethylene. Chloroplast structural protein and photosynthetic genes were generally down-regulated. Ethylene appeared to regulate other primary metabolic genes. Plant defense and PR protein genes were differentially regulated, with some genes within this class highly up-regulated. Other ethylene-regulated genes identified were known sugar-, auxin-, woundingand jasmonic acid-related genes, suggesting the existence of coordinated interactions between ethylene and other hormonal and defense signaling pathways. Although hundreds of potentially important transcriptome changes were identified, the functions of many ethylene-regulated genes remain unknown. Abbreviations: ACC, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; AtER, Arabidopsis thaliana ethylene regulated; EREBP, ethylene-response-binding protein; EST, expression sequence-tag; JA, jasmonic acid; PR, pathogenesisrelated; SA, salicylic acid

Profiling ethylene-regulated gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana by microarray analysis