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Published pre-Fukushima food monitoring data from 1963 to 1995 were used to study the long-term presence of 137 Cs and 90 Sr in rice and wheat. Effective half-lives ( T  eff ) were calculated for rice ( 137 Cs: 5.6 years; 90 Sr: 6.7 years) and wheat ( 137 Cs: 3.5 years; 90 Sr: 6.2 years), respectively. In rice, 137 Cs exhibits a longer T  eff because putrefaction processes will lead to the formation of NH 4  + ions that are efficient ion exchangers for mineral-adsorbed cesium ions, hence making it more readily available to the plant. Knowledge on the long-term behavior of radiocesium and radiostrontium will be important for Japanese food-safety campaigns after the Fukushima nuclear accident.

Effective and ecological half-lives of 90Sr and 137Cs observed in wheat and rice in Japan