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The Meissner effect and the Spin Meissner effect are the spontaneousgeneration of charge and spin current respectively near the surface of a metalmaking a transition to the superconducting state. The Meissner effect is wellknown but, I argue, not explained by the conventional theory, the Spin Meissnereffect has yet to be detected. I propose that both effects take place in allsuperconductors, the first one in the presence of an applied magnetostaticfield, the second one even in the absence of applied external fields. Botheffects can be understood under the assumption that electrons expand theirorbits and thereby lower their quantum kinetic energy in the transition tosuperconductivity. Associated with this process, the metal expels negativecharge from the interior to the surface and an electric field is generated inthe interior. The resulting charge current can be understood as arising fromthe magnetic Lorentz force on radially outgoing electrons, and the resultingspin current can be understood as arising from a spin Hall effect originatingin the Rashba-like coupling of the electron magnetic moment to the internalelectric field. The associated electrodynamics is qualitatively different fromLondon electrodynamics, yet can be described by a small modification of theconventional London equations. The stability of the superconducting state andits macroscopic phase coherence hinge on the fact that the orbital angularmomentum of the carriers of the spin current is found to be exactly $\hbar/2$,indicating a topological origin. The simplicity and universality of our theoryargue for its validity, and the occurrence of superconductivity in many classesof materials can be understood within our theory.

Meissner effect, Spin Meissner effect and charge expulsion in superconductors