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To achieve a highly agile and flexible production, it is envisioned thatindustrial production systems gradually become more decentralized,interconnected, and intelligent. Within this vision, production assetscollaborate with each other, exhibiting a high degree of autonomy. Furthermore,knowledge about individual production assets is readily available throughouttheir entire life-cycles. To realize this vision, adequate use of informationtechnology is required. Two commonly applied software paradigms in this contextare Software Agents (referred to as Agents) and Digital Twins (DTs). This workpresents a systematic comparison of Agents and DTs in industrial applications.The goal of the study is to determine the differences, similarities, andpotential synergies between the two paradigms. The comparison is based on thepurposes for which Agents and DTs are applied, the properties and capabilitiesexhibited by these software paradigms, and how they can be allocated within theReference Architecture Model Industry 4.0. The comparison reveals that Agentsare commonly employed in the collaborative planning and execution of productionprocesses, while DTs typically play a more passive role in monitoringproduction resources and processing information. Although these observationsimply characteristic sets of capabilities and properties for both Agents andDTs, a clear and definitive distinction between the two paradigms cannot bemade. Instead, the analysis indicates that production assets utilizing acombination of Agents and DTs would demonstrate high degrees of intelligence,autonomy, sociability, and fidelity. To achieve this, further standardizationis required, particularly in the field of DTs.

Systematic Comparison of Software Agents and Digital Twins: Differences, Similarities, and Synergies in Industrial Production