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We know a great deal about the immediate impact of becoming a parent, but less on the more long-term impact as parents are adapting to the rapid developmental changes that characterize the early childhood period. This longitudinal study explored how parental self-esteem and emotion regulation develops during pregnancy, infancy, toddlerhood and preschool-age. We used nine waves of data from 550 Dutch fathers and mothers to examine stability and change in self-esteem and emotion regulation from pregnancy until 4 years postpartum, for both first and later pregnancies. Self-esteem and emotion regulation showed the same trajectory of change, with decreases during pregnancy and infancy, and increases during toddlerhood and preschool-age. Fathers had higher mean-levels of self-esteem and emotion regulation than mothers, but child age-related changes were the same for fathers and mothers. First-time parents and second-, third-, or fourth-time parents did not differ in mean-level self-esteem and emotion regulation, nor in age-related change. Over the course of 4 years postpartum, parents slightly increased in self-esteem and emotion regulation. The results suggest that, for the average parent, the birth of a child causes a temporary deviation from the overall trend toward greater self-esteem and emotion regulation. Since both traits are predictive for parental well-being, positive parenting and child development, future research needs to investigate if an intervention should and could ease the transition to parenthood and thereby prevent this decline.

Trajectories of Change in Parental Self-Esteem and Emotion Regulation from Pregnancy until 4 Years Postpartum