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Coastal shores near the industrial park of Quintero Bay in central Chile exhibit increasing concentrations of copper (Cu) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), well above international standards. This raises concern about their combined toxic effects on early development stages of kelps. Accordingly, we aimed to assess more accurately the independent and combined effects of Cu and PAHs on gametogenesis and sporophyte development in the kelp  Lessonia spicata  from central Chile by in vitro cultivation. Independent Cu and PAH trials were performed using increasing nominal concentrations of Cu and PAHs in the ranges 0.8–200 µg L −1  and 0.05–100 µg L −1 , respectively. Cu and PAH median effective concentrations (EC 50 ) on gametogenesis and early sporophyte formation were calculated using DRC in the R environment. Then, combined EC 50  Cu + PAH trials were conducted to determine their effects on gametogenesis and sporophyte formation. Cu EC 50  values on gametogenesis and sporophyte formation were up to three orders of magnitude lower than EC 50  reported previously on spore germination in kelps. The gametogenesis (EC 50  = 1.39 µg L −1 ) was more sensitive to Cu than sporophyte formation (EC 50  = 11 µg L −1 ). Inversely, sporophyte formation (EC 50  = 0.04 µg L −1 ) was more sensitive to PAHs (EC 50  = 0.11 µg L −1 ). Considering the entire exposure period, the combined EC 50  Cu + PAH exposure was the most harmful and rapid for  L. spicata  microscopic stages, especially the synergistic effect on early sporophytes. This highlights the need to acquire an integrated knowledge of the seasonal variation of pollutants and their combination on highly intervened coasts.

journal of applied phycology

Assessment of the independent and combined effects of copper and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on gametogenesis and sporophyte development of the kelp Lessonia spicata (Phaeophyceae, Ochrophyta)