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Dinoflagellates contain large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids, including the nutritionally important docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, their cultivation in suspensions is characterized by low growth rates. Twin-layer porous substrate photobioreactors (TL-PSBRs) have been shown to support growth of different microalgal species, including the robust dinoflagellate  Symbiodinium voratum . In the present study, the potential of cultivating marine autotrophic dinoflagellate species in a TL-PSBR for DHA production was explored. Based on initial screening experiments, two  Symbiodinium  species with high biomass and DHA productivities were selected: the symbiotic  Symbiodinium microadriaticum  CCAC 2475 B and the free-living  Symbiodinium voratum  CCAC 3869 B. The effects of three different temperatures (17, 22 and 27 °C) and nitrogen regimes (nitrate, ammonium and nitrogen-free) on biomass growth, total lipid accumulation and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content, with emphasis on DHA, were evaluated. The two lower temperatures (17 and 22 °C) enhanced growth and total lipid accumulation of  S. microadriaticum  CCAC 2475 B and  S. voratum  CCAC 3869 B. Cultivation at 22 °C and nitrogen limitation led to a significant positive effect on DHA productivity.  Symbiodinium. microadriaticum  CCAC 2475 B reached a DHA productivity of 145.4 mg m −2  day −1  and DHA content in the dry biomass of 2% ( w /w) after 4 days of nitrogen depletion. The results of the present study demonstrated that autotrophic dinoflagellates, when cultivated on a TL-PSBR, produce comparable amounts of lipids and fatty acids to other commercially used microalgal species including the valuable DHA.

Biofilm cultivation of marine dinoflagellates under different temperatures and nitrogen regimes enhances DHA productivity