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Reconciliation is the most extensively studied conflict resolution\udmechanism in animal societies. However, despite the extensive literature on\udthis topic, behaviors considered to represent postconflict affiliation have not\udbeen consistent across studies of reconciliation. Critically, reconciliation is\udusually defined as postconflict contact affiliation, e.g., grooming, and the\udimportance of including interopponent distance regulation is often neglected.\udMoreover, to date, no study has simultaneously investigated different behavioral\udforms of reconciliation. We tested in two groups of wild Barbary macaques\ud(Macaca sylvanus) the relative importance of postconflict close proximity and\udgrooming in the mediation of two important costs of aggression: damage to the\udopponent’s social relationship and elevated postconflict anxiety.We provide evidence\udthat close-proximity approaches function to resolve conflicts: Close-proximity\udapproaches reduced the victim’s postconflict anxiety and were predicted by the\udquality of the social relationship with the opponent. Moreover, postconflict grooming\udalone, although predicted by the quality of the opponent’s social relationship, did not\udinfluence the victim’s elevated postconflict anxiety. Our results suggest that interopponent\uddistance regulation plays an important role in reconciling the costs of\udaggression in Barbary macaques. We advocate that further efforts should be made\udto test which behaviors play a role in conflict resolution in different species. This is\udimportant because even closely related species may differ in the function of behaviors\udthat superficially appear to be rather similar. Moreover, the choice of behaviors used\udto study conflict resolution determines the frequency with which reconciliation is\udobserved and can thus bias comparisons across species

The Importance of Considering the Behavioral Form of Reconciliation in Studies of Conflict Resolution