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To explain the origin of the differentiation of the spring-inhabiting fauna on an island system, this study focused on the Aegean Islands and the  snails as a model organism. We inferred the phylogeographic pattern of the Aegean  with two molecular markers, and compared the inferred pattern with the geological history of the region and the estimated levels of biodiversity of  in Greece. 95 sequences of COI and 60 of ITS-1 were obtained from samples collected from Andros, Crete, Naxos, Chios, Kithira, and western Turkey, and pooled with previously published sequences from continental Greece. Phylogenetic analysis based on the COI revealed seven new clades. On Crete, three distinct clades were identified. The estimated divergence time indicated that the geological history of the island, which was divided into smaller islands until 2–3 Mya, was most probably responsible for such high diversity.  populations inhabiting Turkey were distinct from the Aegean populations, and the divergence began after the Zanclean flood (5.3 Mya). Shell morphology and anatomy of reproductive organs confirmed that molecularly distinct clades were real entities. Biodiversity analysis revealed that, in addition to five previously known  hotspots, there is a sixth in central Greece.

Do diversity patterns of the spring-inhabiting snail Bythinella (Gastropoda, Bythinellidae) on the Aegean Islands reflect geological history?