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Insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues is hypothesised to limit thermal tolerance, but evidence in ectotherms is mixed. We assessed heat tolerance under hypoxia, normoxia and hyperoxia to test whether the extent in which oxygen can lower or increase heat tolerance differed with mode of respiration, comparing gill-breathing caenogastropods and lung-breathing pulmonates with or without an accessory gill. Hypoxia lowered heat tolerance in three of the four pulmonates (Physa fontinalis, Physa acuta and Planorbis carinatus) by 1.2–2.1°C. Hyperoxia, however, did not increase the heat tolerance in any of the pulmonate species. Thus, heat tolerance limits of these pulmonates does not appear to be oxygen limited under normoxia, possibly because of their high capacity to regulate oxygen consumption associated with aerial gas exchange. Instead, other processes may become limiting at thermal extremes such as loss of protein function, loss of membrane stability or neuronal dysfunction. The caenogastropod species tested (Potamopyrgus antipodarum, Bithynia tentaculata) closed their operculum during the warming experiments. This behavioural response prevented us from obtaining clear results. Nevertheless, our results suggested hyperoxia may increase heat tolerance in B. tentaculata. This could be related to its lower capacity to regulate oxygen, owing to its fully aquatic gas exchange mechanism.

Oxygen can limit heat tolerance in freshwater gastropods: differences between gill and lung breathers