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18 páginas, 9 figuras, 1 tabla.Recognizing and understanding presentday\udbiodiversity and biogeographical patterns and how\udthese relate to contemporary and past climate is\udpivotal to predict the effect of future climate on marine\udbiodiversity and promote adequate conservation policies.\udSponges constitute an important and dominant\udcomponent of the marine benthos and are therefore an\udexcellent model group for such investigations. In this\udstudy, we assessed the diversity patterns and the\udzoogeographical affinities of the Northeast Atlantic\udand Mediterranean shallow-water demosponge assemblages.\udData on the distribution of 745 species\udthroughout 28 areas was compiled from the literature\udand used to build a presence/absence matrix. Diversity\udpatterns were assessed from estimates of species\udrichness (S) and taxonomic distinctness (AvTD). The\udMediterranean Sea proved to be more diverse both\udin terms of species richness and taxonomic distinctness\ud(S = 539, AvTD = 94.74) than the Northeast\udAtlantic (S = 480, AvTD = 92.42) and the two\udregions together were found to constitute a diversity\udhotspot harbouring approximately 11% of the global\uddemosponge diversity. We found an Atlantic N–S and\uda Mediterranean NW–SE gradient of increasing taxonomic\uddistinctness that is strongly correlated to both\udcontemporary (R2 = 0.5667; P\0.01) and historical\udvalues (R2 = 0.7287; P\0.01) of sea surface temperature\ud(SST) at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).\udThe zoogeographical affinities examined through\udclassification (cluster analysis) and ordination (nonmetric\udmultidimensional scaling, nMDS) based on the\udBray–Curtis similarity index, revealed the presence of\udthree groups approximately corresponding to the\udNorthern European Seas, Lusitanian and Mediterranean\udprovinces outlined in the ‘Marine Ecoregions of\udthe World’ (MEOW) classification system. Geographical\uddistance and oceanographic circulation were\udshown to constitute important factors in shaping the\udzoogeographical affinities among areas. The vast\udmajority of the species occurring in the Northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean (67 and 57%, respectively)\udwas shown to have extremely restricted geographical\udranges, as single-area or narrow-range (2–3\udareas) endemics, which raises some concerns regarding\udtheir conservation.This study was funded by Fundac¸a˜o para a Cieˆncia e\udTecnologia (FCT-Portugal; Grants Nos. SFRH/BD/16024/2004\udand SFRH/BPD/62946/2009) as part of J. R. Xavier research on\udthe biodiversity, ecology and evolution of both shallow-water\udand deep-sea sponge fauna of the Atlanto-Mediterranean area.Peer reviewe

Diversity patterns and zoogeography of the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean shallow-water sponge fauna