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We discuss some difficulties that arise in attempting to interpret thePage-Wootters and Internal Quantum Reference Frames formalisms, then use a'final measurement' approach to demonstrate that there is a workablesingle-world realist interpretation for these formalisms. We note that it isnecessary to adopt some interpretation before we can determine if the'reference frames' invoked in these approaches are operationally meaningful,and we argue that without a clear operational interpretation, such referenceframes might not be suitable to define an equivalence principle. We argue thatthe notion of superposition should take into account the way in which aninstantaneous state is embedded in ongoing dynamical evolution, and this leadsto a more nuanced way of thinking about the relativity of superposition inthese approaches. We conclude that typically the operational content of theseapproaches appears only in the limit as the size of at least one referencesystem becomes large, and therefore these formalisms have an important role toplay in showing how our macroscopic reference frames can emerge out of whollyrelational facts.

Watching the Clocks: Interpreting the Page-Wootters Formalism and the Internal Quantum Reference Frame Programme