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The Hilbert space formalism describes causality as a statistical relationbetween initial experimental conditions and final measurement outcomes,expressed by the inner products of state vectors representing these conditions.This representation of causality is in fundamental conflict with the classicalnotion that causality should be expressed in terms of the continuity ofintermediate realities. Quantum mechanics essentially replaces this continuityof reality with phase sensitive superpositions, all of which need to interferein order to produce the correct conditional probabilities for the observableinput-output relations. In this paper, I investigate the relation between theclassical notion of reality and quantum superpositions by identifying theconditions under which the intermediate states can have real external effects,as expressed by measurement operators inserted into the inner product. It isshown that classical reality emerges at the macroscopic level, where therelevant limit of the measurement resolution is given by the variance of theaction around the classical solution. It is thus possible to demonstrate thatthe classical notion of objective reality emerges only at the macroscopiclevel, where observations are limited to low resolutions by a lack ofsufficiently strong intermediate interactions. This result indicates thatcausality is more fundamental to physics than the notion of an objectivereality, which means that the apparent contradictions between quantum physicsand classical physics may be resolved by carefully distinguishing betweenobservable causality and unobservable sequences of hypothetical realities "outthere".

Quantum causality relations and the emergence of reality from coherent superpositions