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In 1965, the discovery of a new type of uniform radiation, located betweenradiowaves and infrared light, was accidental. Known today as Cosmic Microwavebackground (CMB), this diffuse radiation is commonly interpreted as a fossillight released in an early hot and dense universe and constitutes today themain 'pilar' of the big bang cosmology. Considerable efforts have been devotedto derive fundamental cosmological parameters from the characteristics of thisradiation that led to a surprising universe that is shaped by at least threemajor unknown components: inflation, dark matter and dark energy. This is animportant weakness of the present consensus cosmological model that justifiesraising several questions on the CMB interpretation. Can we consider itscosmological nature as undisputable? Do other possible interpretations exist inthe context of other cosmological theories or simply as a result of otherphysical mechanisms that could account for it? In an effort to questioning thevalidity of scientific hypotheses and the under-determination of theoriescompared to observations, we examine here the difficulties that still exist onthe interpretation of this diffuse radiation and explore other proposed tracksto explain its origin. We discuss previous historical concepts of diffuseradiation before and after the CMB discovery and underline the limit of ourpresent understanding.

The Diffuse Light of the Universe - On the microwave background before and after its discovery: open questions