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We present the baseline conceptual design of the Cassegrain U-Band EfficientSpectrograph (CUBES) for the Very Large Telescope. CUBES will provideunprecedented sensitivity for spectroscopy on a 8 - 10 m class telescope in theground ultraviolet (UV), spanning a bandwidth of > 100 nm that starts at 300nm, the shortest wavelength accessible from the ground. The design has beenoptimized for end-to-end efficiency and provides a spectral resolving power ofR > 20000, that will unlock a broad range of new topics across solar system,Galactic and extraglactic astronomy. The design also features a second,lower-resolution (R \sim 7000) mode and has the option of a fiberlink to theUVES instrument for simultaneous observations at longer wavelengths. Here wepresent the optical, mechanical and software design of the various subsystemsof the instrument after the Phase A study of the project. We discuss theexpected performances for the layout choices and highlight some of theperformance trade-offs considered to best meet the instrument top-levelrequirements. We also introduce the model-based system engineering approachused to organize and manage the project activities and interfaces, in thecontext that it is increasingly necessary to integrate such tools in thedevelopment of complex astronomical projects.

CUBES Phase A design overview -- The Cassegrain U-Band Efficient Spectrograph for the Very Large Telescope