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The period 2035-50 considered in the ESA Voyage long-term plan will coincidewith a series of foreseeable advances in the characterization of the stellarcontent of the Milky Way. The Gaia mission, combined with large-scalespectroscopic surveys, is helping to build an unprecedented census in terms ofthe astrometric, kinematic and chemical properties of Galactic stellarpopulations. Within a decade, precise measurements of such properties will beavailable for hundreds of millions of stars. Meanwhile, time-domain surveysinitiated with CoRoT and Kepler/K2 and carried on by space missions such asTESS and PLATO or ground-based projects like the LSST, will have broughtasteroseismology to a high level of maturity. The combination of precise agesfrom asteroseismology with astrometric and spectroscopic data, on large stellarsamples, is allowing Galactic archaeologists to gain new insight into theassembly history of the Milky Way. Recent breakthroughs --- based on thedetection of solar-like oscillations in tens of thousands of red-giant stars--- demonstrate the potential of such approach. Therefore, we are convincedthat an all-sky, high-cadence, long-duration stellar variability survey willbecome a scientific priority in the 2035-50 period. The Chronos conceptpresented here consists in a time-domain extension to Gaia. It will allow formass and age estimates for half a million red giants within 1.7 kpc from theSun and hence shed a new light on our understanding of the Galactic dynamicsand archaeology. In terms of the targeted pulsators, Chronos will bridge thegap between PLATO and the LSST by surveying stars all the way from the subgiantbranch to the early AGB. Finally, it will surpass all previous surveys capableof conducting asteroseismology in terms of the combined sky coverage andduration of the observations (2 x 3.75 months over the whole sky and >5 yearsin the CVZ).

Chronos --- Taking the pulse of our Galactic neighbourhood (ESA Voyage 2050 White Paper)