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Chandrayaan-2, the second Indian mission to the Moon, carries a spectrometercalled the Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM) to perform soft X-ray spectralmeasurements of the Sun while a companion payload measures the fluorescenceemission from the Moon. Together these two payloads will provide quantitativeestimates of elemental abundances on the lunar surface. XSM is also expected toprovide significant contributions to the solar X-ray studies with its highesttime cadence and energy resolution spectral measurements. For this purpose, theXSM employs a Silicon Drift Detector and carries out energy measurements ofincident photons in the 1 -- 15 keV range with a resolution of less than 180 eVat 5.9 keV, over a wide range of solar X-ray intensities. Extensive groundcalibration experiments have been carried out with the XSM using laboratoryX-ray sources as well as X-ray beam-line facilities to determine the instrumentresponse matrix parameters required for quantitative spectral analysis. Thisincludes measurements of gain, spectral redistribution function, and effectivearea, under various observing conditions. The capability of the XSM to maintainits spectral performance at high incident flux as well as the dead-time andpile-up characteristics have also been investigated. The results of theseground calibration experiments of the XSM payload are presented in thisarticle.

Ground Calibration of Solar X-ray Monitor On-board Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter