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Weak alignment of requirements engineering (RE) with verification andvalidation (VV) may lead to problems in delivering the required products intime with the right quality. For example, weak communication of requirementschanges to testers may result in lack of verification of new requirements andincorrect verification of old invalid requirements, leading to software qualityproblems, wasted effort and delays. However, despite the serious implicationsof weak alignment research and practice both tend to focus on one or the otherof RE or VV rather than on the alignment of the two. We have performed amulti-unit case study to gain insight into issues around aligning RE and VV byinterviewing 30 practitioners from 6 software developing companies, involving10 researchers in a flexible research process for case studies. The resultsdescribe current industry challenges and practices in aligning RE with VV,ranging from quality of the individual RE and VV activities, through tracingand tools, to change control and sharing a common understanding at strategy,goal and design level. The study identified that human aspects are central,i.e. cooperation and communication, and that requirements engineering practicesare a critical basis for alignment. Further, the size of an organisation andits motivation for applying alignment practices, e.g. external enforcement oftraceability, are variation factors that play a key role in achievingalignment. Our results provide a strategic roadmap for practitionersimprovement work to address alignment challenges. Furthermore, the studyprovides a foundation for continued research to improve the alignment of REwith VV.

Challenges and Practices in Aligning Requirements with Verification and Validation: A Case Study of Six Companies