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Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) to assist removal of common bile duct (CBD) stones was introduced as an alternative to endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) under the theory that by avoiding permanent ablation of the sphincter of Oddi, long-term morbidity may be reduced. After ES, the function of the biliary sphincter is permanently lost, as determined by manometric studies up to 17 years post-sphincterotomy [1]. Moreover, high levels of bacterial colonization with associated deconjugation of hydrophobic bile salts and chronic common hepatic duct inflammation, possibly due to the due to reflux of luminal contents with fibrosis, occurs in patients following ES [2]. Since biliary sphincter function is not affected by EPBD, the incidence of post-procedural CBD stone formation appears to be markedly reduced compared with ES. In a study of 94 patients who had an ES 15 years prior followed by early cholecystectomy for choledocholithiasis, *11 % developed recurrent CBD stones [3]. Another retrospective study reported the rate of recurrent CBD stone formation to be significantly lower in the EPBD group than in the ES group (4.4 vs. 12.7 %; P = 0.048) [4]. Other potential advantages of EPBD include reduced risk of post-sphincterotomy bleeding (especially in the setting of coagulopathy) and lower risk of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograpy (ERCP) cholecystitis, and greater ease and safety in patients with distorted anatomy such as prior Billroth II anastomosis or juxtapapillary diverticula. In a randomized, controlled trial of ES versus EPBD in 218 consecutive patients undergoing ERCP for bile duct stones, 91 % of the ES patients and 89 % of the EPBD patients had complete clearance of their stones after a single session [5]. Mechanical lithotripsy was required more often in the EPBD group (31 procedures versus 13 in the EPBD and ES groups, respectively). For patients with stones [10 mm or multiple stones, however, lithotripsy requirements in the EPBD group were up to 50 %, with additional ES or repeat ERCP needed in 15–30 %. Thus, while overall efficacy was comparable between ES and EPBD, the greatest practical benefit may be seen in patients with smaller (\10 mm) stones. The initial enthusiasm for balloon sphincteroplasty in the 1990s was tempered by large randomized controlled studies reporting an increased risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis and morbidity. A multicenter, randomized, controlled study of 117 patients assigned to dilation and 120 to ES for choledocholithiasis was terminated at the first interim analysis due to a significantly higher rate of serious shortterm complications, including 2 deaths due to pancreatitis in the EPBD group versus the ES group [6]. The rate of pancreatitis was 15 % in the EPBD group, compared to just 0.8 % in the ES group (P \ 0.001). The authors concluded that EPBD should be avoided in routine clinical practice. This and similar studies inform the current American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) guideline statement that EPBD be considered mainly in patients with bleeding diatheses or in those with distorted anatomy that renders sphincterotomy dangerous or unfeasible, such as patients with peri-ampullary diverticula or with Billroth II anatomy [7]. In the last decade, interest in balloon sphincteroplasty has increased again with the adoption of widespread use of large balloon sphincter dilation after small sphincterotomy, which minimizes risks of perforation or pancreatitis while facilitating the removal of large stones. In this technique, a small sphincterotomy is performed followed by balloon I. Elkhatib T. J. Savides (&) Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA e-mail: tsavides@ucsd.edu

digestive diseases and sciences

Endoscopic Papillary Balloon Dilation Versus Sphincterotomy for Removal of Small Common Bile Duct Stones in Young Patients: Unresolved Issues for an Expanding Technique