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Soil temperature (ST) is an important property of soils and driver of below ground biogeochemical processes. Global change is responsible that besides variable meteorological conditions, climate-driven shifts in ST are observed throughout the world. In this study, we examined long-term records in ST by a trend decomposition procedure from eleven stations in western Germany starting from earliest in 1951 until 2018. Concomitantly to ST data from multiple depths (5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 cm), various meteorological variables were measured and included in the multivariate statistical analysis to explain spatiotemporal trends in soil warming. A significant positive increase in temperature was more pronounced for ST (1.76 ± 0.59 °C) compared with air temperature (AT; 1.35 ± 0.35 °C) among all study sites. Air temperature was the best explanatory variable to explain trends in soil warming by an average 0.29 ± 0.21 °C per decade and the trend peaked during the period from 1991–2000. Especially, the summer months (June to August) contributed most to the soil warming effect, whereby the increase in maximum ST (ST max ) was nearby fivefold with 4.89 °C compared with an increase of minimum ST (ST min ) of 1.02 °C. This widening between ST max  and ST min  fostered enhanced diurnal ST fluctuations at ten out of eleven stations. Subsoil warming up to + 2.3 °C in 100-cm depth is critical in many ways for ecosystem behavior, e.g., by enhanced mineral weathering or organic carbon decomposition rates. Thus, spatiotemporal patterns of soil warming need to be evaluated by trend decomposition procedures under a changing climate. Graphical abstract

Evidences of soil warming from long-term trends (1951–2018) in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany