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We present a high resolution, ultra-frugal printing of paper microfluidicdevices using in-house paraffin formulation on a simple filter paper. The patternsprinted using an office inkjet printer formed a selective hydrophobic barrier of4 ± 1 µm thickness with a hydrophilic channel width of 275 µm. These printed patternseffectively confine common aqueous solutions and solvents, which was verified by solventcompatibility studies. SEM analysis reveals that the solvent confinement is due to poreblockage in the filter paper. The fabricated paper-based device was validated forqualitative assessment of  Candida albicans (pathogenic fungi) by using a combination of L-proline β-naphthylamide as the substrateand cinnamaldehyde as an indicator. Our studies reveal that the pathogenic fungi can bedetected within 10 min with the limit of detection (LOD) of0.86 × 10 6  cfu/mL. Owing to its simplicity, this facilemethod shows high potential and can be scaled up for developing robust paper-baseddevices for biomarker detection in resource-limited settings.   Graphic abstract

Inkjet printing of paraffin on paper allowslow-cost point-of-care diagnostics for pathogenic fungi