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Aircraft measurements are used to characterize properties of clear-air turbulence\udin the lower Arctic troposphere. For typical vertical resolutions in general circulation models,\udthere is evidence for both downgradient and countergradient vertical turbulent transport\udof momentum and heat in the mostly statically stable conditions within both the boundary\udlayer and the free troposphere. Countergradient transport is enhanced in the free troposphere\udcompared to the boundary layer. Three parametrizations are suggested to formulate the turbulent\udheat flux and are evaluated using the observations. The parametrization that accounts\udfor the anisotropic nature of turbulence and buoyancy flux predicts both observed downgradient\udand countergradient transport of heat more accurately than those that do not. The\udinverse turbulent Prandtl number is found to only weakly decrease with increasing gradient\udRichardson number in a statistically significant way, but with large scatter in the data. The\udsuggested parametrizations can potentially improve the performance of regional and global\udatmospheric models

boundary-layer meteorology/boundary - layer meteorology

Characterization and Parametrization of Reynolds Stress and Turbulent Heat Flux in the Stably-Stratified Lower Arctic Troposphere Using Aircraft Measurements