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The dinoflagellate  Alexandrium catenella  is a well-known paralytic shellfish toxin producer that forms harmful algal blooms (HABs) worldwide. Blooms of this species have repeatedly brought severe ecological and economic impacts to Chile, especially in the southern region, where the shellfish and salmon industries are world-famous. The mechanisms of such HABs have been intensively studied but are still unclear. Nutrient overloading is one of the often-discussed drivers for HABs. The present study used the  A. catenella  strain isolated from southern Chile to investigate how iron conditions could affect their growth and toxin production as related to HAB. Our results showed that an optimum concentration of iron was pivotal for proper  A. catenella  growth. Thus, while excess iron exerted a toxic effect, low iron media led to iron insufficiency and growth inhibition. In addition, the study shows that the degree of paralytic shellfish toxin production by  A. catenella  varied depending on the iron concentration in the culture media. The  A. catenella  strain from southern Chile produced GTX1-4 exclusively in the fmol cell −1  scale. Based on these findings, we suggest that including iron and paralytic shellfish toxin measurements in the fields can improve the current HAB monitoring and contribute to an understanding of  A. catenella  bloom dynamics in Chile.

The effect of iron on Chilean Alexandrium catenella growth and paralytic shellfish toxin production as related to algal blooms