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Due to global environmental changes, species are appearing more frequently inplaces where they have not previously occurred, and this trend is expected to continue.Such range expansions can create considerable challenges and confusion for managementand policy, especially for species associated with conflicts and whose management isinfluenced by international legal frameworks. The golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Europerepresents a good case study to address the questions related to management of naturallyexpanding species. We review the recent expansion of the golden jackal across the continent,and address several ensuing policy and legal questions that also have clear implicationsfor other expanding species. To that end, we analyze the EU Habitats Directive andseveral other international legal instruments including the Convention on BiologicalDiversity and the Bern Convention on European Wildlife. We also review the status of thegolden jackal under national legislation and highlight some of the management confusiondue to recent range expansion and inadequate legal interpretation. Specific questions weaddress include in which cases an expanding species is to be considered an (invasive) alienspecies in countries where it did not formerly occur; what countries’ conservation obligationsare with respect to expanding species; what difference it makes for those obligationswhether or not a species historically occurred in a country; what scope exists forlethal control of its populations; what the prospects are for transboundary cooperation atthe population level; and what responses are required when colonizing species hybridisewith other wildlife or domestic animals

Legal implications of range expansions in a terrestrial carnivore: the case of the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Europe