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During the early stage of biological invasions, interactions occur between native and non-native species that do not share an evolutionary history. This can result in ecological naïveté, causing native species to exhibit maladaptive behavioural responses to novel enemies, leading to negative consequences for individual fitness and ecosystem function. The behavioural response of native to non-native species during novel encounters can determine the impact of non-native species, and restrict or facilitate their establishment. In this study we simulated novel encounters between a widespread invasive fish species, the Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ), and a threatened native Manyara tilapia ( Oreochromis amphimelas ). In the first experiment single adult  O. niloticus  were presented with a stimulus chamber (a transparent plastic cylinder) which was empty during control trials and contained a pair of juvenile  O. amphimelas  in stimulus trials. In the second experiment, the reciprocal set up was used, with pairs of juvenile  O. amphimelas  as the focal species and adult  O. niloticus  as the stimulus. Both species approached the stimulus chamber more readily during stimulus trials, a behavioural response which would increase the prevalence of interspecific interactions in situ. This included physical aggression, observed from the competitively dominant  O. niloticus  towards  O. amphimelas . Despite an initial lack of fear shown by  O. amphimelas , close inspection of the stimulus chamber often resulted in an energetically costly dart response. Under field conditions we predict that naïve native individuals may readily approach  O. niloticus , increasing the likelihood of interactions and exacerbating widely reported negative outcomes.

Simulated encounters with a novel competitor reveal the potential for maladaptive behavioural responses to invasive species