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Enemy release is a commonly accepted mechanism to explain plant invasions. Both the diploid  and the morphologically very similar tetraploid  have been introduced into North America. To verify which species is more prevalent in North America we sampled 98  populations and determined their ploidy level. Although polyploidy has repeatedly been proposed to be associated with increased invasiveness in plants, only two of the populations surveyed in North America were the tetraploid . We tested the enemy release hypothesis by first comparing 20 populations of  and 27 populations of  in their native range in Europe, and then comparing the European  populations with 31  populations sampled in North America. Characteristics of the site and associated vegetation, plant performance and invertebrate herbivory were recorded. In Europe, plant height and density of the two species were similar but  produced more flower heads than .  in North America was 17 % taller, produced twice as many flower heads and grew much denser compared to  in Europe. Attack rates by root- and leaf-feeding herbivores on  in Europe (34 and 75 %) was comparable to that on  (26 and 71 %) but higher than that on  in North America (10 and 3 %). However, herbivore load and leaf damage were low in Europe. Cover and height of the co-occurring vegetation was higher in  populations in the native than in the introduced range, suggesting that a shift in plant competition may more easily explain the invasion success of  than escape from herbivory.

Can enemy release explain the invasion success of the diploid Leucanthemum vulgare in North America?