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Tree occurrence in silvopastoral systemsof Central America has been under pressure forvarious reasons including attempts to improve grasslandproductivity and the need for wood. However,scattered isolated trees are also recognized to provideecosystem services like shade, fodder and fruits thatare important to cattle in the dry season. In addition,trees may enhance the climate change mitigationpotential of silvopastoral systems through increasedcarbon (C) uptake and subsequent soil carbon sequestration.Through differences in plant traits like nutrientuptake, canopy structure and litter quality, tree speciesmay have an effect on C and nutrient cycling. Due to aprevailing north-easterly wind in the study area, threedistinct areas associated with the impact of tree litterdeposition were identified: (1) open pasture—no treelitter deposition; (2) tree canopy—above and belowgroundtree litter; and (3) leaf litter cone—abovegroundtree litter deposition. Furthermore, the effect oftree species, Guazuma ulmifolia and Crescentia alata,were considered. The presence of trees, as comparedto pasture, caused larger topsoil C, N and P contents.In the subsoil, C content was also larger due to treepresence. Soil fractionation showed that tree-inducedlarger litter input subsequently increased free andoccluded OM fractions and ultimately increasedstabilized SOM fractions. Therefore, trees were foundto enhance soil C sequestration in these silvopastoralsystems. This is also supported by the soil respirationdata. Although the respiration rates in the pasturesubplots were lower than in the leaf litter subplots, thedifference was not significant, which suggests that partof the extra C input to the leaf litter subplots stayed inthe soil. Nutrient cycling was also enhanced by treepresence, but with a clear differentiation betweenspecies. C. alata (Jı´caro) enhanced available andstabilized forms of organic N, while G. ulmifolia(Gua´cimo) enhanced available soil P and stabilizedorganic P

Trees enhance soil carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling in a silvopastoral system in south-western Nicaragua