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Inverse electrocardiography ( i ECG) estimates epi- and endocardial electrical activity from body surface potentials maps (BSPM). In individuals at risk for cardiomyopathy, non-invasive estimation of normal ventricular activation may provide valuable information to aid risk stratification to prevent sudden cardiac death. However, multiple simultaneous activation wavefronts initiated by the His-Purkinje system, severely complicate  i ECG. To improve the estimation of normal ventricular activation, the  i ECG method should accurately mimic the effect of the His-Purkinje system, which is not taken into account in the previously published multi-focal  i ECG. Therefore, we introduce the novel multi-wave  i ECG method and report on its performance. Multi-wave  i ECG and multi-focal  i ECG were tested in four patients undergoing invasive electro-anatomical mapping during normal ventricular activation. In each subject, 67-electrode BSPM were recorded and used as input for both  i ECG methods. The  i ECG and invasive local activation timing (LAT) maps were compared. Median epicardial inter-map correlation coefficient (CC) between invasive LAT maps and estimated multi-wave  i ECG versus multi-focal  i ECG was 0.61 versus 0.31. Endocardial inter-map CC was 0.54 respectively 0.22. Modeling the His-Purkinje system resulted in a physiologically realistic and robust non-invasive estimation of normal ventricular activation, which might enable the early detection of cardiac disease during normal sinus rhythm.

Modeling the His-Purkinje Effect in Non-invasive Estimation of Endocardial and Epicardial Ventricular Activation