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Bactrocera oleae  is the main pest in olive groves, and its management requires a sustainable perspective to reduce the use of chemical products. Landscape context is being considered as an important driver of pest reduction, but results on  B. oleae  show inconsistency to date. Most of landscape-pest control studies focus on the dynamics of the pests within the focal crop, ignoring these dynamics in other land uses. Here we present a study in which we analyze the seasonal population dynamics of the olive pest  B. oleae  in the most important land uses of a typical olive landscape in Portugal. We found that  B. oleae  is present in all the land uses and the dynamics are very similar to those in the olive groves. However, the presence of these land uses in the landscape did not display any increase in  B. oleae  abundance within the olive groves. In contrast, a landscape mainly composed by olive groves increased the abundance of this pest. Importantly, more diverse landscapes surrounding olive groves reduce the abundance of the olive fly. Based on these findings, we can conclude that  B. oleae  is present in all the land uses of the studied landscape but that this presence does not imply an increase of  B. oleae  in olive groves. Indeed, other land uses can promote landscape diversification which is a driver of the reduction of  B. oleae  populations in olive groves. We thus encourage olive stakeholders to increase landscape diversification around their farms by promoting/restoring other crops/habitats.

Landscape simplification increases Bactrocera oleae abundance in olive groves: adult population dynamics in different land uses