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Carlina acaulis  root essential oil (EO) is one of the most potent mosquito larvicides (LC 50    90%). Poor water solubility and rapid degradation from UV light and oxygen in the environment limit the real-world use of this EO. Herein, we developed nanocarrier-based formulations, namely micro- and nanoemulsions (ME and NE, respectively) containing  C. acaulis  EO or carlina oxide (both at 0.5%) as active ingredients (a.i.). The larvicidal activity of ME and NE was evaluated against  Culex quinquefasciatus . The highest larvicidal activity was achieved by the ME containing 0.5% of the EO (M1); its LC 50(90)  was 579.1 (791.3) µL L −1 . Sublethal effects of this ME and its a.i. were assessed testing both at the LC 16 , LC 30 , LC 50  and LC 90  on mosquito larvae exposed to each product for 1–7 h, and then monitoring mortality for 18 days. At variance with the EO, ME application, even at LC 16 , led to 100% mortality at 18 days. The EO and its encapsulated form were scarcely toxic to human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and human fibroblast (NHF A12) cell lines. The acute toxicity of  C. acaulis  EO and its ME (M1) was also evaluated in Wistar rats through oral administration; EO LD 50  was 1098 mg kg −1  bw, whereas its ME, even at 5000 mg kg −1  bw (considered the upper testing limit to establish safety to mammals), was not toxic. This study highlights the outstanding efficacy of  C. acaulis  EO ME for developing long-lasting and safe larvicides against  Cx. quinquefasciatus .

Encapsulation of Carlina acaulis essential oil and carlina oxide to develop long-lasting mosquito larvicides: microemulsions versus nanoemulsions