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In order to simplify the attitude control for inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) and medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) in eclipse seasons, two attitude modes, namely yaw-steering (YS) and orbit-normal (ON) mode are used. Significant accuracy degradation is observed for the orbits determined with the purely empirical CODE solar radiation pressure (SRP) model when these satellites switch to the ON mode. In addition, even though BDS IGSO satellites are in the YS mode, the orbits determined with the CODE SRP model show undesirable systematic errors that depend on the elevation angle β of the sun above the satellite orbit plane and on the argument angle μ of satellite with respect to the midnight point in the orbit plane as identified from satellite laser ranging residuals. We present the yaw attitude model used for the bus of BDS IGSO and MEO satellites, and constrain the mode-switch conditions by the β and μ angles. In order to overcome the deficiency of the purely empirical CODE SRP model for precise orbit determination (POD) of BDS IGSO and MEO satellites in the ON mode, an additional constant acceleration bias with tight constraint of 1.0 × 10ź10 m/s2 in the along-track direction has been introduced to the CODE SRP model, and it is denoted as the C5a model. Although the orbit accuracy of IGSO and MEO satellites is significantly improved in the ON mode, the β- and μ-dependent systematic orbit errors of BDS IGSO are not reduced. Hence, with the presented yaw attitude model of the satellite bus and two assumed orientations of solar panels, the adjustable box-wing (ABW) model has been modified. Two modified ABW models are compared with the purely empirical CODE and C5a model. Based on the analysis of real data of 2014, the C5a model shows the best performance in the ON mode among the four SRP models. Although two modified ABW models show a rather worse performance for POD in the ON mode, particularly in the cross-track and radial direction, the β- and μ-dependent systematic orbit errors of BDS IGSO satellites are reduced. This provides a new insight and a possible way to improve the orbits of BDS IGSO and MEO satellites.

Comparison of solar radiation pressure models for BDS IGSO and MEO satellites with emphasis on improving orbit quality