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Pilosocereus  is one of the Cactaceae family’s most relevant genera in terms of the number of species and its wide geographical range in the Americas. Within  Pilosocereus , five informal taxonomic groups have been recognized, one of which is  P. leucocephalus  group  s.s. , whose phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved. Therefore, our objectives are to recognize the circumscriptions of the species in  P. leucocephalus  group  s.s.  and to corroborate the monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of this group through a set of morphological and molecular characters. This study is based on representative sampling along the broad distribution of this group in Mexico and Central America using multivariate and phylogenetic analyses. The morphological characters identified to contribute to species recognition and group formation are branch diameter, areole length, the areole length-width ratio, the distance between areoles, the length of the longest radial spine, and branch and spines colors. The chloroplast markers  rpl16 ,  trnL-trnF , and  petL-psbE  and the nuclear marker  AT1G18270  support the monophyly of the  P. leucocephalus  group  s.s. , and two probable synapomorphies are suggested, including one transversion in  rpl16  and another in  petL-psbE . Together, our results demonstrate that sampled species of  P. leucocephalus  group  s.s.  encompass six species distributed in Mexico and Central America:  P. alensis  and  P. purpusii  in the western region,  P. chrysacanthus  and  P. collinsii  in the central region, and  P. gaumeri  and  P. leucocephalus  in the eastern region. A taxonomic key to recognized species is provided.

Phylogenetic and morphological analyses of Pilosocereus leucocephalus group s.s. (Cactaceae) reveal new taxonomical implications