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We propose and analyse the properties of a new class of models for theelectromechanics of cardiac tissue. The set of governing equations consists ofnonlinear elasticity using a viscoelastic and orthotropic exponentialconstitutive law (this is so for both active stress and active strainformulations of active mechanics) coupled with a four-variable phenomenologicalmodel for human cardiac cell electrophysiology, which produces an accuratedescription of the action potential. The conductivities in the model ofelectric propagation are modified according to stress, inducing an additionaldegree of nonlinearity and anisotropy in the coupling mechanisms; and theactivation model assumes a simplified stretch-calcium interaction generatingactive tension or active strain. The influence of the new terms in theelectromechanical model is evaluated through a sensitivity analysis, and weprovide numerical validation through a set of computational tests using a novelmixed-primal finite element scheme.

An orthotropic electro-viscoelastic model for the heart with stress-assisted diffusion