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The leeway of 20-foot containers in typical distress conditions isestablished through field experiments in a Norwegian fjord and in open-oceanconditions off the coast of France with wind speed ranging from calm to 14 m/s.The experimental setup is described in detail and certain recommendations givenfor experiments on objects of this size. The results are compared with theleeway of a scaled-down container before the full set of measured leewaycharacteristics are compared with a semi-analytical model of immersedcontainers. Our results are broadly consistent with the semi-analytical model,but the model is found to be sensitive to choice of drag coefficient and makesno estimate of the cross-wind leeway of containers. We extend the results fromthe semi-analytical immersion model by extrapolating the observed leewaydivergence and estimates of the experimental uncertainty to various realisticimmersion levels. The sensitivity of these leeway estimates at differentimmersion levels are tested using a stochastic trajectory model. Search areasare found to be sensitive to the exact immersion levels, the choice of dragcoefficient and somewhat less sensitive to the inclusion of leeway divergence.We further compare the search areas thus found with a range of trajectoriesestimated using the semi-analytical model with only perturbations to theimmersion level. We find that the search areas calculated without estimates ofcrosswind leeway and its uncertainty will grossly underestimate the rate ofexpansion of the search areas. We recommend that stochastic trajectory modelsof container drift should account for these uncertainties by generating searchareas for different immersion levels and with the uncertainties in crosswindand downwind leeway reported from our field experiments.

The Leeway of Shipping Containers at Different Immersion Levels