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Although in contemporary documentation 1506–1507 is the best-documented drought event in the medieval and sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Carpathian Basin, until now no investigations have been carried out on this subject. Based on contemporary sources—such as narratives, charters, official and private correspondence, estate, town, county and taxation accounts—a concise overview of the documented natural–physical characteristics, temporal–spatial distribution of the drought event and related weather extremes is provided. In a European context, the present investigation reveals that 1506 was a dry year not only in the Carpathian Basin but also in most of Europe. Drought continued in the Carpathian Basin and Italy in 1507, while opposing weather patterns developed in West–Central, Western and Northern Europe, showing similarities to the 2007 and 2015 summer heat and drought events. In the Carpathian Basin, the drought was characterized by the critical low water levels of the River Tisza, heat and high-intensity convective events. Major socio-economic consequences were the higher occurrence rate of major urban fires, bad harvests (cereals, grapevine/wine, hay) and livestock problems (lack or loss of bee, bee products, sheep, cattle, fish, fur)—the latter ones might serve as indicators for future studies. The drought induced numerous individual and institutional responses, including various types of tax relief and common works. The ensuing plague epidemic reached a particularly high level in Hungary; the drought, bad harvests, a change to cooler and wetter conditions, and nutrition problems could have contributed to the intensification of the epidemic outbreak in 1508–1511.

The great (1506–)1507 drought and its consequences in Hungary in a (Central) European context