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We investigate the formation of a crater in a 2-D bed of granular material bya jet of impinging gas, motivated by the problem of a retrograde rocket landingon a planetary surface. The crater is characterized in terms of depth and shapeas it evolves, as well as by the horizontal position of the bottom of thecrater. The crater tends to grow logarithmically in time, a result which iscommon in related experiments. We also observe a horizontal symmetry breakingat certain well-defined conditions which, as we will demonstrate, could be ofconsiderable practical concern for lunar or planetary landers. We present dataon the evolution of these asymmetric states and attempt to give insights intothe mechanism behind the symmetry-breaking bifurcation.

Jet-induced 2-D crater formation with horizontal symmetry breaking