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Reduced body size is among the universal ecological responses to global warming. Our knowledge on how altered body size affects ecosystem functioning in ectothermic aquatic organisms is still limited. We analysed trends in the cell size structure of phytoplankton in the middle Danube River over a 34-year period at multiple levels: (1) average cell size of assemblages (ACS), (2) within the centric diatom community and (3) in the dominant centric diatom taxon: Stephanodiscus . We asked whether global warming and human impacts affected the average cell size of phytoplankton. Also, whether the altered size structure affected how chlorophyll- a , as an ecosystem functioning measure, relates to the ACS of phytoplankton. The cell size of phytoplankton decreased significantly at all organisation levels, and the assemblages became more dispersed in cell size over time. Environmental variables related to global warming and human impacts affected the ACS of phytoplankton significantly. The relationship between chlorophyll- a and the ACS of phytoplankton shifted from negative linear to broad and then narrow hump shape over time. Longer water residence time, warming and decline in nutrients and suspended solids decrease the ACS of phytoplankton in the middle Danube and expectedly in other large rivers. Our results suggest that cell size decrease in phytoplankton, especially of centric diatoms, constrains planktic algal biomass production in large rivers, independently of algal density. Such cell size decrease may also affect higher trophic levels and enhance the more frequent occurrence of "clear-water" plankton in large, human-impacted rivers under global change.

Cell Size Decrease and Altered Size Structure of Phytoplankton Constrain Ecosystem Functioning in the Middle Danube River Over Multiple Decades