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A carbon-sulfur cathode was prepared by precipitating a suspension of acetylene black and dissolved sulfur from ethanol. The morphology of the cathode material was investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The diameter of commercial sulfur particles is between 20 and 50 μm, while this value for the precipitated sulfur was ca. order of magnitude lower (between 2 and 5 μm). Electrochemical properties of Li│S cells were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic discharging, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Galvanostatic discharging curves of the Li│S system may be divided into three regions. At the beginning, the discharging undergoes at an approximately constant voltage (faradaic process) to switch into a pseudocapacitive process (two discharging regions characterized by linearly decreasing voltage). The hybrid discharging faradaic-pseudocapacitive nature implies the description of the total process by two types of capacities: in coulombs (faradaic process) and in farads (pseudocapacitive regions). The calculated experimental specific energy density (free enthalpy change) during the discharging process was ca. 1063 Wh kg −1 , approximately twofold higher in comparison with such cathodes as LiFePO 4  or Li  x  Mn 2 O 4 . These results show that the sulfur-carbon precipitated from ethanol can serve as a promising cathode for Li│S primary cells.

Precipitated sulfur cathode—a hybrid faradaic and pseudocapacitive discharging process